NURS FPX 5005 Assessment 4 Patient Care Technology
Student Name Capella University NURS-FPX 5005 Introduction to Nursing Research, Ethics, and Technology Prof. Name Date Analysis of Technology in Nursing Practice Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have significantly transformed modern nursing by providing a centralized digital repository for comprehensive patient information, including medical histories, laboratory results, medications, and individualized care plans. These platforms streamline access to vital patient data, allowing nurses to make informed clinical decisions more efficiently. The integration of EHRs supports enhanced workflow coordination and improves communication among interdisciplinary healthcare teams. Accurate documentation facilitated by EHRs reduces the risk of medication errors and ensures that all care providers have a clear understanding of the patient’s status and care requirements (Li et al., 2022). Additionally, EHRs play a crucial role in supporting evidence-based practice (EBP). By offering real-time, validated data, these systems allow nurses to make clinical decisions grounded in the most current evidence, ultimately improving patient outcomes. For instance, EHR data can identify emerging trends in patient conditions, predict potential complications, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, which supports high-quality, informed care (Li et al., 2022). However, the use of EHRs is not without challenges. Workflow delays due to system downtime, the burden of extensive documentation, and insufficient training can impede patient care and contribute to nurse burnout. Consequently, the successful implementation of EHRs relies on strategic planning, comprehensive user education, and continuous support (Li et al., 2022). How Patient Care Technology Affects Patient Care and Nursing Practice EHR technology has profoundly impacted both patient care and nursing workflows. These systems act as digital repositories accessible to all authorized healthcare professionals, promoting coordinated care, timely decision-making, and enhanced interdisciplinary communication. For example, automated EHR alerts for potential drug interactions reduce medication errors and enable prompt clinical interventions (Li et al., 2022). EHRs manage diverse data types that contribute to precise clinical decision-making. This includes nominal data such as patient diagnoses, ordinal data like pain scales, and ratio data such as vital signs or blood glucose measurements. Nurses leverage this information to track patient progress, monitor changes in health status, and adjust care plans accordingly. Monitoring a diabetic patient’s glucose trends, for instance, allows early intervention when values deviate from normal ranges (Upadhyay & Hu, 2022). Such data-driven approaches ensure precision in treatment planning and responsiveness to patients’ evolving conditions. NURS FPX 5005 Assessment 4 Patient Care Technology Data Type Examples Clinical Use Nominal Gender, Diagnoses Identify patient population groups Ordinal Pain Scale (1–10) Monitor symptom progression over time Ratio Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Glucose Adjust interventions based on real-time physiological data Communication is also enhanced through EHR use. Real-time data sharing among nurses, physicians, and pharmacists maintains continuity of care and ensures that team members are updated promptly. Secure messaging and automated alerts reduce miscommunication, highlight critical information such as abnormal lab results, and support collaborative decision-making (Khairat et al., 2021). Controls and Safeguards to Maintain Patient Safety and Confidentiality The widespread adoption of EHRs brings critical responsibilities for safeguarding patient information. Compliance with HIPAA requires healthcare organizations to implement both technical and administrative security measures. Encryption, firewalls, multi-factor authentication, and role-based access controls protect data during storage and transmission, ensuring that healthcare personnel only access information relevant to their duties (Keshta & Odeh, 2021). Regular staff training is essential to maintain data integrity and confidentiality. Nurses must be familiar with secure login protocols, safe data-sharing practices, and methods for detecting potential breaches. EHR systems also include monitoring tools that alert clinicians to inconsistencies or potential medication errors, adding another layer of patient safety (Keshta & Odeh, 2021). Administrative strategies, including routine software updates, audits, and penetration testing, further enhance system reliability and security. Nevertheless, new risks arise from third-party integrations and interoperability challenges, necessitating ongoing risk management strategies. Healthcare organizations must remain vigilant and proactive to maintain patient trust and secure sensitive health information (Abbasi & Smith, 2024). EB Strategies Improving Patient Care Technology Evidence-based strategies enhance the efficiency and reliability of EHR use. Standardized data entry protocols minimize variability and ensure accurate documentation. Continuous training on proper documentation practices maintains high-quality records and supports informed clinical decision-making (Abbasi & Smith, 2024). Evaluating EHR functionality through clinician feedback and usability studies identifies areas for improvement, such as refining user interfaces to reduce documentation fatigue. Performance audits and feedback mechanisms align clinical practice with evidence-based guidelines and increase accountability across healthcare teams (Abbasi & Smith, 2024). Collaboration through shared EHR documentation strengthens interdisciplinary teamwork. Accessible care plans allow all team members to contribute to patient management, improving overall outcomes. Moreover, ongoing analysis of accumulated clinical data informs the evolution of evidence-based practices, identifying successful interventions and phasing out ineffective ones (Mullins et al., 2020). This continuous feedback loop fosters improvement and ensures care decisions are consistently supported by real-world evidence. Conclusion EHR technology has fundamentally reshaped nursing practice by enhancing documentation efficiency, promoting communication, and enabling evidence-based decision-making. The real-time access to critical patient information supports high-quality, coordinated care. While challenges such as documentation burden and system downtimes exist, the benefits—including reduced medication errors and improved care coordination—are substantial. Maintaining patient safety and confidentiality requires robust technological safeguards, administrative protocols, and ongoing staff education. Integrating evidence-based strategies optimizes EHR functionality, ultimately enhancing clinical practice and supporting better patient outcomes. References Abbasi, N., & Smith, D. A. (2024). Cybersecurity in healthcare: Securing patient health information (PHI), HIPPA compliance framework and the responsibilities of healthcare providers. Journal of Knowledge Learning and Science Technology International, 3(3), 278–287. https://doi.org/10.60087/jklst.vol3.n3.p.278-287 Keshta, I., & Odeh, A. (2021). Security and privacy of electronic health records: Concerns and challenges. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 22(2), 177–183. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110866520301365 Khairat, S., Whitt, S., Craven, C. K., Pak, Y., Shyu, C.-R., & Gong, Y. (2021). Investigating the impact of intensive care unit interruptions on patient safety events and electronic health records use. Journal of Patient Safety, 17(8), e1593–e1599. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000303 Li, R., Li, M., Guan, P., Ma, S., & Cui, T. (2022). Application of electronic medical records in nursing quality management. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 22(1), 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01920-9 NURS FPX 5005 Assessment 4 Patient Care Technology Mullins,
NURS FPX 5005 Assessment 3 Evidence-based Practice in Nursing
Student Name Capella University NURS-FPX 5005 Introduction to Nursing Research, Ethics, and Technology Prof. Name Date Introduction Ensuring patient safety and minimizing medication errors (MEs) remain among the most critical priorities in modern healthcare. One innovative solution that has emerged to address this challenge is Barcode Medication Administration (BCMA). This technology is designed to reduce human error in high-risk areas, such as critical care units. BCMA systems operate by scanning both patient and medication barcodes, verifying the “five rights” of medication administration: right patient, medication, dose, route, and time. By automating these checks, BCMA significantly decreases medication administration errors (MAEs), thereby enhancing both safety and overall quality of care. General approaches to patient safety are often insufficient without context-specific, evidence-based strategies. Evidence-based practice (EBP) integrates the best available research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to guide care decisions. This paper explores the processes involved in developing EBPs, emphasizes the importance of nursing scholarship, examines ethical and regulatory considerations for BCMA implementation, and proposes a strategic framework for integrating BCMA systems effectively while adhering to professional and legal standards. Evidence-Based Practice (EBP): Development, Scholarship, and Application How is an effective EBP developed?Developing a robust evidence-based practice begins with constructing a clear clinical question, commonly using the PICOT framework: Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Time. After defining the question, relevant literature must be sourced, critically appraised, and assessed for applicability to clinical settings. Finally, the evidence is implemented in practice, and outcomes are measured to refine future interventions (Dang et al., 2021). What factors influence the success of an EBP initiative?Several factors determine whether an EBP initiative succeeds, including the strength and relevance of the evidence, alignment with clinical guidelines, and feasibility in the given healthcare environment. Challenges frequently arise, such as limited access to quality research, time constraints, and organizational resistance. To overcome these barriers, nurse leaders should cultivate a learning culture that supports innovation, ensures comprehensive staff training, and promotes organizational backing for change. Why is nursing scholarship important in EBP?Nursing scholarship involves systematically acquiring, analyzing, and applying research to improve patient care. It bridges the gap between theoretical models and real-world clinical practice, enabling nurses to question traditional approaches, adopt evidence-informed strategies, and evaluate care outcomes critically. High-quality evidence—such as peer-reviewed studies, clinical guidelines, and systematic reviews—is essential for informed clinical decision-making (Cullen et al., 2022). Criteria for Assessing Evidence Quality Criteria Description Credibility Information should come from peer-reviewed or trusted academic sources Relevance Evidence must directly relate to the clinical question and patient population Validity & Rigor Studies should have proper design, adequate sample size, and statistical accuracy Timeliness Evidence should be current, ideally published within the last 5 years Accessing reliable and up-to-date evidence is vital for meeting healthcare’s evolving demands. Nurses who engage in scholarship and integrate high-quality evidence into practice are better positioned to make decisions that enhance patient safety and outcomes (Schmidt & Brown, 2024; Shaker et al., 2020). Clinical Question, Technological Integration, and Ethical-Policy Implications What is the guiding clinical question?The clinical question examined in this paper is: “How can the use of BCMA systems reduce medication errors and improve patient safety within a critical care unit?” Misadministration of medications can lead to severe adverse events, making this a critical issue. BCMA technology mitigates this risk by linking patient information with medication orders, creating a double-check system that ensures accuracy while improving workflow efficiency. What evidence supports BCMA effectiveness?Research by Mohanna et al. (2021) demonstrates that BCMA implementation in intensive care units significantly reduces wrong dosages and missed medications. However, the study also identified challenges, including workflow disruptions, user resistance, and the necessity for ongoing staff training. The integration of BCMA with other health information systems remains under-researched, highlighting the need for further studies on long-term effects on efficiency and patient safety. What ethical and regulatory considerations apply to BCMA?Ethically, BCMA aligns with principles of beneficence by promoting patient well-being and non-maleficence by reducing harm. Risks, such as over-reliance on technology or reduced clinician vigilance, must be addressed. Patient autonomy requires safeguarding personal health information, in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Regulatory compliance requires adherence to standards from bodies like The Joint Commission and the Food and Drug Administration, ensuring the safety and efficacy of BCMA systems (Hughes, 2021). Recommended Steps for Ethical and Effective BCMA Implementation Implementation Phase Actions Stakeholder Engagement Engage nurses, pharmacists, and IT staff from the outset Staff Training Conduct thorough training for efficient system utilization Pilot Testing Start with small-scale rollouts to identify and solve operational issues Continuous Auditing Monitor usage and compliance with safety standards Quality Improvement Cycle Review feedback regularly and make iterative adjustments These strategies help ensure BCMA deployment is aligned with ethical standards and legal regulations, while improving patient safety. A phased approach also mitigates resistance and operational challenges, leading to more sustainable outcomes (Abdelaziz et al., 2024). Conclusion Implementing BCMA technology in critical care units is a pivotal strategy for reducing medication errors and enhancing patient safety. Grounded in evidence-based practice and supported by rigorous nursing scholarship, BCMA demonstrates the transformative potential of healthcare technology. Ethical considerations, including patient privacy, safety, and autonomy, must be carefully balanced with regulatory compliance. By engaging stakeholders, providing comprehensive training, continuously monitoring system use, and applying quality improvement cycles, healthcare organizations can foster a culture of safety, accountability, and innovation. References Abdelaziz, S., Amigoni, A., Kurttila, M., Laaksonen, R., Silvari, V., & Franklin, B. D. (2024). Medication safety strategies in European adult, paediatric, and neonatal intensive care units: A cross-sectional survey. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2023-004018 Cullen, L., Hanrahan, K., Farrington, M., Tucker, S., Edmonds, S., & Tau, T. (2022). Evidence-based practice in action: Comprehensive strategies, tools, and tips from University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. Sigma Theta Tau International. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=QU5-EAAAQBAJ Dang, D., Dearholt, S. L., Bissett, K., Ascenzi, J., & Whalen, M. (2021). Johns Hopkins evidence-based practice for nurses and healthcare professionals: Model and guidelines (4th ed.). Sigma Theta Tau International. Hughes, R. G. (2021). Patient safety and quality: An evidence-based handbook for nurses. Agency for Healthcare Research
NURS FPX 5005 Assessment 2 Quantitative and Qualitative Research Publication Critique
Student Name Capella University NURS-FPX 5005 Introduction to Nursing Research, Ethics, and Technology Prof. Name Date Quantitative and Qualitative Research Publication Critique Research is a structured process that aims to generate new knowledge, validate existing theories, solve problems, and inform decision-making. It inherently raises ethical considerations such as informed consent, non-maleficence, autonomy, and confidentiality. Informed consent ensures that participants understand the purpose, procedures, and potential risks of a study. Beneficence ensures that research outcomes provide positive benefits, while non-maleficence confirms that the study is designed to prevent harm. Justice guarantees equitable access to participation, and respect for autonomy emphasizes voluntary involvement without coercion. Privacy and confidentiality are maintained through secure and anonymized data handling (Gebreheat & Teame, 2021). This paper critically evaluates two nursing research studies—one quantitative and one qualitative—focusing on the mental health of nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines the methodologies, ethical considerations, key findings, and implications for patient-centered care and nursing practice. Quantitative Research Study Reference: Serrano, J., Hassamal, S., Hassamal, S., Dong, F., & Neeki, M. (2021). Depression and anxiety prevalence in nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nursing Management, 52(6), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.numa.0000752784.86469.b9 Strengths and Weaknesses The study investigates depression and anxiety among nursing staff during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering stressors such as fear of infection, resource shortages, and ethical dilemmas. Its purpose was to evaluate how the pandemic affected nurses’ mental health and to provide guidance for nurse leaders in supporting staff. The study hypothesized that nurses working in high-pressure conditions exhibited higher rates of psychological distress compared to those not exposed to these conditions. Data collection involved 472 nurses completing an anonymous, cross-sectional online survey using validated tools such as the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to identify predictors of depression and anxiety. Results revealed that 48.7% of nurses reported stress related to COVID-19, with job roles, contact with COVID-19 patients, and anxiety levels significantly associated with depression and anxiety. Table 1: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Study Strengths Weaknesses Timely and relevant research on healthcare workforce mental health Low response rate (29.5%) introduces response bias Use of validated measurement tools (PHQ-9, GAD-7) Convenience sampling limits generalizability Inclusion of diverse nursing roles Cross-sectional design cannot establish causality Robust statistical analyses (chi-square, logistic regression) Self-reported data may under- or over-report symptoms Consideration of sociodemographic variables Overrepresentation of female nurses (88.6%) limits applicability to males Additional limitations include limited exploration of contextual and systemic influences, such as organizational culture, coping mechanisms, and specific work settings. Notably, the higher anxiety and depression rates among non-clinical staff were observed but not explored in depth. Ethical Implications Ethical considerations in this study are critical, as the pandemic directly impacted nurses’ well-being and patient care. Key ethical measures included: These principles protect participant rights and enhance trust, ensuring research findings can inform healthcare practices without compromising staff well-being. Significance of the Research Problem The research addresses a critical mental health crisis among nurses during COVID-19. High exposure to COVID-19, inadequate PPE, and ethical dilemmas contributed to increased depression and anxiety. Understanding these issues enables nurse leaders and administrators to implement targeted interventions, improve staff retention, and maintain patient safety. The study emphasizes evidence-based strategies for mental health support, such as counseling, stress management programs, and peer support, which ultimately enhance care quality and nurse satisfaction. Evaluating Quantitative Research for Patient Care Decisions The study provides evidence-based insights for patient care decisions. Mental health challenges among nurses can impair decision-making, reduce clinical performance, and compromise patient safety. Interventions guided by this research, such as mental health support and burnout prevention, improve both staff well-being and clinical outcomes. Its reliability is strengthened by validated tools, reputable peer-reviewed sources, and alignment with CRAAP test criteria (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose). Qualitative Research Study Reference: Ashley, C., James, S., Williams, A., Calma, K., Mcinnes, S., Mursa, R., Stephen, C., & Halcomb, E. (2021). The psychological well‐being of primary healthcare nurses during COVID‐19: A qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(9), 3820–3828. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14937 Strengths and Weaknesses The study explores the psychological well-being of primary healthcare (PHC) nurses during COVID-19. It focuses on coping strategies and factors influencing mental health, such as workplace stressors, professional and public support, and self-care strategies. Key stressors included reduced work hours, job insecurity, and negative patient interactions. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with 25 participants, recruited through purposive sampling to capture diverse perspectives. Thematic analysis identified stressors, coping mechanisms, and workplace influences. Nurses emphasized the importance of feeling valued, supported, and involved in decision-making. Coping strategies included exercise, healthy eating, and infection control practices. Table 2: Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Study Strengths Weaknesses Focused on timely mental health issues during pandemic Small sample size (25 participants) limits generalizability In-depth exploration via semi-structured interviews Purposive sampling may introduce bias Thematic analysis highlights key stressors and coping strategies Reliance on self-reported data may lead to bias Captures personal experiences of PHC nurses Limited exploration of organizational and systemic influences Emphasizes impact of professional and public support Short-term focus; long-term mental health effects not addressed Ethical Implications Ethical considerations were central to this study. Participants’ privacy and confidentiality were maintained, and informed consent ensured voluntary participation. Researchers minimized harm by providing a safe environment for sharing experiences. The study assumes that ethical practices enhance participant trust and data validity, ultimately supporting improvements in nurse well-being and patient care. Significance of the Research Problem The study highlights the importance of understanding PHC nurses’ mental health, stressors, and coping strategies. This knowledge informs interventions to enhance nurse well-being, reduce burnout, improve retention, and maintain high-quality patient care. Supportive work environments and structured mental health initiatives are essential to equip healthcare providers to deliver safe and effective care. Evaluating Qualitative Research for Patient Care Decisions The research provides evidence for patient care decision-making by highlighting stressors and coping strategies that directly influence nurse performance. Although limited by sample size and self-reporting, its qualitative approach offers deep insights into lived experiences, which are crucial for
NURS FPX 5005 Assessment 1 Protecting Human Research Participants
Student Name Capella University NURS-FPX 5005 Introduction to Nursing Research, Ethics, and Technology Prof. Name Date Protecting Human Research Participants Human subjects in research require protection to ensure compliance with both ethical standards and legal requirements. This paper explores the moral and legal responsibilities of researchers, the historical background of human subject protection, principles governing participant safety, types of research involving human participants, methods to mitigate risks, and safeguards for vulnerable populations. The discussion draws from the CITI Social-Behavioral-Educational (SBE) training, academic literature, and regulatory guidelines. History and Significance of Protecting Human Subjects Why is the history of protecting human subjects important? The protection of human research participants has evolved significantly over the last century due to historical abuses that revealed the potential for severe harm. One of the earliest and most influential events was the unethical experimentation conducted by Nazi physicians during World War II, which prompted the creation of the Nuremberg Code in 1947. The Nuremberg Code emphasized voluntary informed consent and the participant’s right to withdraw from research, marking the beginning of formalized ethical standards in human research (Barrow et al., 2022). Another historical case highlighting the need for strict ethical oversight was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972), in which African American men with syphilis were denied treatment even after penicillin became the standard therapy. The public outcry over these violations led to the National Research Act (1974) and the Belmont Report (1979), which established three fundamental ethical principles: beneficence, justice, and respect for persons (Nagai et al., 2022). The Willowbrook hepatitis study (1956–1970), where institutionalized children were intentionally exposed to hepatitis, underscored the ethical concerns around research with vulnerable populations. Even though parental consent was obtained, the potential for coercion raised critical ethical questions. Today, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), rigorous informed consent procedures, and ongoing ethics training are central mechanisms to safeguard participants, particularly in areas like genetic research, AI-driven behavioral studies, and data privacy (Barrow et al., 2022). Types of Human Subjects Research Activities What types of research involve human subjects? Human subjects research (HSR) encompasses activities where individuals are directly or indirectly involved. According to CITI, research qualifies as human subjects research if it systematically gathers data from real people via interaction, intervention, or identifiable private information (CITI Program, 2023). The following table summarizes major HSR types: Type of Research Description Example Intervention Research Research where researchers actively manipulate variables or introduce treatments Clinical trials for a new adolescent mental health therapy Observational Research Participants are observed without manipulation Observing nurses’ routines to study stress management Survey and Interview-Based Data collected from participants via questionnaires or structured interviews Interviewing transgender individuals about healthcare access Ethnographic/Field Research Study of cultural or social practices requiring interaction Studying community traditions or practices These categories illustrate the diversity of HSR activities and reinforce the necessity for ethical oversight, informed consent, and participant protections (Balkin et al., 2023; Kim, 2023). Strategies to Minimize Potential Risks How can researchers reduce risks for participants? Minimizing potential harm is a fundamental ethical obligation in HSR. Key strategies include: Implementing these strategies ensures ethical compliance, maintains research credibility, and protects participants from unnecessary harm. Protections for Vulnerable Populations Which populations are considered vulnerable, and how are they protected? Certain groups require enhanced protections due to their susceptibility to coercion or exploitation. These include children, pregnant women, prisoners, and individuals with impaired decision-making capacity. Federal regulations and the Belmont Report outline additional safeguards for these groups: Vulnerable Population Specific Protections Children IRB review, risk assessment, parental permission, child assent, minimal risk protocols (HHS, n.d.) Pregnant Women Risk evaluation for mother and fetus, protective measures to prevent harm Prisoners Free choice without coercion, detailed informed consent procedures (Simpson et al., 2025) Individuals with Cognitive Impairment Consent by legal representatives, monitoring to ensure no excessive risk IRBs evaluate studies involving vulnerable populations rigorously, ensuring that participation is ethical, voluntary, and minimally risky. Ethical Standards Applied in Research What ethical principles guide human subjects research? Ethical research requires respecting participants as individuals and upholding fairness, beneficence, and dignity. The Belmont Report serves as the cornerstone of these principles, emphasizing informed consent, risk minimization, and protection of participants’ rights (Barrow et al., 2022). In addition to ethical principles, regulatory safeguards protect sensitive participant information. For example, HIPAA regulations require anonymized data storage, secure sharing, and access restricted to authorized personnel (Edemekong et al., 2024). Adherence to these standards influences study design, informed consent forms, and overall research methodology. IRBs provide oversight to ensure that ethical standards are consistently applied throughout the research lifecycle. Conclusion Protecting human research participants is essential to ensuring ethical integrity in scientific research. By integrating historical lessons, moral principles, regulatory frameworks, and risk-reduction strategies, researchers can safeguard vulnerable populations, maintain participant autonomy, and conduct studies responsibly. Upholding these standards advances trustworthy, credible, and ethically sound research. References Balkin, E. J., Kollerup, M. G., Kymre, I. G., Martinsen, B., & Grønkjær, M. (2023). Ethics and the impossibility of the consent form: Ethnography in a Danish nursing home. Journal of Aging Studies, 64, 101110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101110 Barrow, J. M., Khandhar, P. B., & Brannan, G. D. (2022). Research Ethics. National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459281/ NURS FPX 5005 Assessment 1 Protecting Human Research Participants CITI Program. (2023, August 23). On tech ethics podcast – human subjects research ethics in space. CITI Program. https://about.citiprogram.org/blog/on-tech-ethics-podcast-human-subjects-research-ethics-in-space/ CITI Program. (2020). Informed consent and clinical investigations. https://about.citiprogram.org/course/informed-consent-and-clinical-investigations-a-focus-on-the-process/ Edemekong, P. F., Haydel, M. J., & Annamaraju, P. (2024). Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500019/ HHS. (n.d.). Research with children FAQs. HHS.gov. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/guidance/faq/children-research/index.html Kim, S. (2023). Overview of clinical study designs. Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.23.036 NURS FPX 5005 Assessment 1 Protecting Human Research Participants Kang, E., & Hwang, H.-J. (2023). The importance of anonymity and confidentiality for conducting survey research. Journal of Research and Publication Ethics, 4(1), 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15722/jrpe.4.1.202303.1 Nagai, H., Nakazawa, E., & Akabayashi, A. (2022). The creation of the Belmont report and its effect on ethical principles: A historical study. Monash Bioethics Review, 40(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-022-00165-5 Simpson, P. L., Guthrie, J., Jones, J., Haire, B.,